Ctions as a heterodimer with either Pf14-3-3I or other presently unidentified proteins. The 14-3-3 proteins are known to function as both homo- and heterodimers [49]. Further experiments need to be done to confirm whether Pf14-3-3II is another member of the histone mark reading machinery and to what extent, if any, protein dimerization plays a role in that function. Additionally, these Pf14-3-3 proteins may be subject to a structure-based auto-inhibitory mechanism. Structural modelling using the I-TASSER server resulted in predicted Pf14-3-3 structures that contain C-terminal protein segments located in the canonical 14-3-3 phosphopeptide binding site (Figure S2), as has been shown for the recently solved C. parvum 14-3-3 protein [51]. This C-terminal region has been implicated in interfering with 14-3-3 ligand binding through folding back into the peptide binding pocket, providing a regulatory mechanism of 14-3-3 effector function [52]. Strikingly, all five predicted structural models of Pf14-3-3II included a portion of their Cterminus in the phosphoprotein binding-pocket. 14-3-3 proteins are involved in the regulation of subcellular localization, activation or inhibition of enzymes, and signal transduction [53]. Consistent with this pleiotropic role, immunolocalization analysis located Pf114-3-3I in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Additionally, rodent malaria 14-3-3 proteins haveHistone Phosphorylation in P. falciparumbeen shown to interact, in a phospho-dependent manner, with the internalized host skeletal protein dematin and it might determine the localization of host-derived dematin inside the parasite [44]. To further explore the biological role of Pf14-3-3 proteins, coimmunoprecipitation experiments may identify their interaction partners and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays may determine the chromatin occupation sites of these proteins and reveal a functional link to gene transcription or cell division. In conclusion, our data set the framework for studies on histone phosphorylation mediated regulatory processes in chromatin biology of malaria parasites. This work opens up avenues to study signal transduction cascades leading to histone phosphorylation and GHRH (1-29) biological activity ultimately controlling transcription and other nuclear processes in 24195657 malaria parasites.Figure SPentagastrin site Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S10ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S22ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S28ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S28ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S32ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S32ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S57ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S57ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1T11ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3T11ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3T45ph_H3.1_H3.3.(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure SSupporting InformationFigure S1 Sequence alignment between different plasmodium core histones and their variant: core histone H2A (PFF0860c), H2B (PF11_0062), 11967625 and H3 (PFF0510w) and their variants H2A.Z (PFC0920w), H2B.Z (PF07_0054), and H3.3 (PFF0865w). Histone variant H2B.Z correspond to the previously named H2Bv. (TIF)(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure SOverlay of homology-based structural models of Pf14-3-3 proteins. All five Pf14-3-3I (A) and Pf14-3-3II (B) structural models returned from the I-TASSER server are shown in different colours. (TIF)Figure S2 Figure S3 Annotated Mass Spectra for H2AS18ph.(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Table S1 List of all histone phospho-modifications identif.Ctions as a heterodimer with either Pf14-3-3I or other presently unidentified proteins. The 14-3-3 proteins are known to function as both homo- and heterodimers [49]. Further experiments need to be done to confirm whether Pf14-3-3II is another member of the histone mark reading machinery and to what extent, if any, protein dimerization plays a role in that function. Additionally, these Pf14-3-3 proteins may be subject to a structure-based auto-inhibitory mechanism. Structural modelling using the I-TASSER server resulted in predicted Pf14-3-3 structures that contain C-terminal protein segments located in the canonical 14-3-3 phosphopeptide binding site (Figure S2), as has been shown for the recently solved C. parvum 14-3-3 protein [51]. This C-terminal region has been implicated in interfering with 14-3-3 ligand binding through folding back into the peptide binding pocket, providing a regulatory mechanism of 14-3-3 effector function [52]. Strikingly, all five predicted structural models of Pf14-3-3II included a portion of their Cterminus in the phosphoprotein binding-pocket. 14-3-3 proteins are involved in the regulation of subcellular localization, activation or inhibition of enzymes, and signal transduction [53]. Consistent with this pleiotropic role, immunolocalization analysis located Pf114-3-3I in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Additionally, rodent malaria 14-3-3 proteins haveHistone Phosphorylation in P. falciparumbeen shown to interact, in a phospho-dependent manner, with the internalized host skeletal protein dematin and it might determine the localization of host-derived dematin inside the parasite [44]. To further explore the biological role of Pf14-3-3 proteins, coimmunoprecipitation experiments may identify their interaction partners and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays may determine the chromatin occupation sites of these proteins and reveal a functional link to gene transcription or cell division. In conclusion, our data set the framework for studies on histone phosphorylation mediated regulatory processes in chromatin biology of malaria parasites. This work opens up avenues to study signal transduction cascades leading to histone phosphorylation and ultimately controlling transcription and other nuclear processes in 24195657 malaria parasites.Figure SAnnotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S10ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S22ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S28ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S28ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S32ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S32ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1S57ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3S57ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.1T11ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3.3T11ph. Annotated Mass Spectra for H3T45ph_H3.1_H3.3.(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure SSupporting InformationFigure S1 Sequence alignment between different plasmodium core histones and their variant: core histone H2A (PFF0860c), H2B (PF11_0062), 11967625 and H3 (PFF0510w) and their variants H2A.Z (PFC0920w), H2B.Z (PF07_0054), and H3.3 (PFF0865w). Histone variant H2B.Z correspond to the previously named H2Bv. (TIF)(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Figure SOverlay of homology-based structural models of Pf14-3-3 proteins. All five Pf14-3-3I (A) and Pf14-3-3II (B) structural models returned from the I-TASSER server are shown in different colours. (TIF)Figure S2 Figure S3 Annotated Mass Spectra for H2AS18ph.(JPG)Figure S(JPG)Table S1 List of all histone phospho-modifications identif.
