Whether similar pathways exist in the adult mammalian heart.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Tanneale Marshall and Ouda Khammy for technical assistance; Stephen Cody, Judy Callaghan and Iska Carmichael from Monash Micro Imaging for confocal microscope training and imaging advice. We also thank Geoffrey Burns (Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School) for Tg(cmlc2:DsRed2-nuc) zebrafish and technical advice. DMK is supported by a Program Grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and Baker IDI receives Infrastructure support from the Victorian Government. NTL was supported by an Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) post-graduate scholarship. ARMI is supported by grants from the State Government of Victoria and the Australian Government.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: NL PC GL NR DK. Performed the experiments: NL DK. Analyzed the data: NL DK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NL PC GL DK. Wrote the paper: NL PC GL NR DK.
Engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, and the recent transcription activator-like 25331948 effector nucleases (TALEN) have revolutionized the post genomic area. By targeting cleavage to specific DNA sequences, such endonucleases can stimulate either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) at predefined locations, making precise genome modifications possible. Whereas HR is used to insert a specific sequence at or nearby the break site, NHEJ, active throughout the cell cycle, is mainly exploited for gene inactivation purposes. Although genome modification studies have reported high frequencies of NHEJ events [1?2], perfect religation of the broken DNA ends without loss of genetic information is probably the most frequent outcome. Recent studies have unraveled the existence of two distinct NHEJ pathways [13,14,15]: the canonical DNA-PK dependent pathway (D-NHEJ), which requires a KU/Title Loaded From File DNA-PKcs/Lig4/ XRCC4 complex, and an alternative NHEJ pathway (B or altNHEJ) that is employed in the absence of the former. While DNHEJ, considered the predominant double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway, leads mainly to precise repair of the DNA DSB by ligating ends back together, the alt-NHEJ pathway is highly mutagenic. In contrast to classical NHEJ, HR and alt-NHEJ pathways share the same initiation event of ssDNA resection. Controlling the initiation event is therefore essential to the final outcome of the DSB repair and thus for maintaining genome integrity [13]. Homing endonucleases (HE), also known as meganucleases, recognize long DNA targets (14?0 bp). In nature, HEs are usually coded within mobile introns or inteins and could beconsidered as genomic parasites since they promote the propagation, via a mechanism of DSB-induced homologous recombination, of their own ORF into the homologous allele lacking the mobile element. Recent advances in protein engineering have made it possible to successfully redesign the protein-DNA interface of several HEs in order to change their specificity [16?9], making virtually every gene within reach of genome engineering techniques. Among available strategies, targeted mutagenesis by a NHEJ mechanism represents an attractive approach for gene inactivation as there is no need for a repair plasmid and efficacy is likely less cell-type dependent since NHEJ Title Loaded From File appears to be active throughout the cell cycle. However, many of the DNA breaks produc.Whether similar pathways exist in the adult mammalian heart.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Tanneale Marshall and Ouda Khammy for technical assistance; Stephen Cody, Judy Callaghan and Iska Carmichael from Monash Micro Imaging for confocal microscope training and imaging advice. We also thank Geoffrey Burns (Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School) for Tg(cmlc2:DsRed2-nuc) zebrafish and technical advice. DMK is supported by a Program Grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and Baker IDI receives Infrastructure support from the Victorian Government. NTL was supported by an Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) post-graduate scholarship. ARMI is supported by grants from the State Government of Victoria and the Australian Government.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: NL PC GL NR DK. Performed the experiments: NL DK. Analyzed the data: NL DK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NL PC GL DK. Wrote the paper: NL PC GL NR DK.
Engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, and the recent transcription activator-like 25331948 effector nucleases (TALEN) have revolutionized the post genomic area. By targeting cleavage to specific DNA sequences, such endonucleases can stimulate either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) at predefined locations, making precise genome modifications possible. Whereas HR is used to insert a specific sequence at or nearby the break site, NHEJ, active throughout the cell cycle, is mainly exploited for gene inactivation purposes. Although genome modification studies have reported high frequencies of NHEJ events [1?2], perfect religation of the broken DNA ends without loss of genetic information is probably the most frequent outcome. Recent studies have unraveled the existence of two distinct NHEJ pathways [13,14,15]: the canonical DNA-PK dependent pathway (D-NHEJ), which requires a KU/DNA-PKcs/Lig4/ XRCC4 complex, and an alternative NHEJ pathway (B or altNHEJ) that is employed in the absence of the former. While DNHEJ, considered the predominant double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway, leads mainly to precise repair of the DNA DSB by ligating ends back together, the alt-NHEJ pathway is highly mutagenic. In contrast to classical NHEJ, HR and alt-NHEJ pathways share the same initiation event of ssDNA resection. Controlling the initiation event is therefore essential to the final outcome of the DSB repair and thus for maintaining genome integrity [13]. Homing endonucleases (HE), also known as meganucleases, recognize long DNA targets (14?0 bp). In nature, HEs are usually coded within mobile introns or inteins and could beconsidered as genomic parasites since they promote the propagation, via a mechanism of DSB-induced homologous recombination, of their own ORF into the homologous allele lacking the mobile element. Recent advances in protein engineering have made it possible to successfully redesign the protein-DNA interface of several HEs in order to change their specificity [16?9], making virtually every gene within reach of genome engineering techniques. Among available strategies, targeted mutagenesis by a NHEJ mechanism represents an attractive approach for gene inactivation as there is no need for a repair plasmid and efficacy is likely less cell-type dependent since NHEJ appears to be active throughout the cell cycle. However, many of the DNA breaks produc.
