Let of the plasma membrane will be exposed to outer surface. PS can be detected and observed via FITC-coupled Annexin-V which specifically binds to PS molecule when exposed at the cell surface. PI, a membrane impermeant dye, only enters membrane compromised cells, after which the fluorescence of this probe is enhanced by 20?0-fold because of its binding to nucleic acids. In the present study, MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cancer cells were incubated with temporin-1CEa for one hour. After treatment with peptides, the cells were stained with FITCAnnexin V and PI. The cell-surface phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and plasma membrane integrity was analyzed using FACSCanto flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Cells were sorted as: viable cells (FITC-annexin V negative and PI negative, QDistributions of Temporin-1CEa in MDA-MB-231 CellsSince temporin-1CEa disrupted cell membranes, we further determined whether temporin-1CEa itself has the potential to transfuse or influx into MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells to trigger intracellular events. The peptides were labeled with FITC and co-cultured with MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cells for one hour. Myelin and other lipophilic areas on cell membrane were stained with the red-orange fluorescent tracker DiI. The dynamic changes of distributions of the FITC-labeled-temporin1CEa were traced using 
laser purchase A196 scanning confocal microscopy. The results indicated that the extracellular peptides transferred through the cell membrane into the intracellular space, characterized by an increase of intracellular green fluorescence (Fig. 5). In detail, at lower concentration (20 mM), the fluorescence imaging indicated that most of the peptides were prevented from cell membranes as shown by the less inMechanisms of Temporin-1CEa Induced CytotoxicityFigure 1. Temporin-1CEa-induced MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells death. The cells were treated with various concentrations of temporin1CEa for one hour. Cell viability or cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT method (A) or LDH leakage assay (B). Each bar represents the mean value from three determinations with the standard deviation (SD). Data (mean 
6 SD) with asterisk significantly differ (*p,0.05; **p,0.01) between treatments. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060462.gtracellular green fluorescence. However, at higher concentrations (40?0 mM in MDA-MB-231 and 30?0 mM in MCF-7 cells), temporin-1CEa disrupted the membrane integrity and caused rapid peptides influx into cells (as shown by increased intracellular green fluorescence 15755315 from FITC, even after a 5 or 10 min short-term peptide treatment, Fig.5).Transmembrane Potential Fexinidazole price Depolarization Induced by Temporin-1CEaMDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were incubated with DiBAC4(3), one anionic and membrane-potential-sensitive dye. Depolarization of cell membranes leads to an uptake of DiBAC4(3) inside the cells, resulting in an increased fluorescentsignal. As seen in Fig. 6, one hour exposure of temporin-1CEa to MDA-MB-231 (Fig. 6A) or MCF-7 (Fig. 6B) cells led to an immediate and dramatic increase in the fluorescence intensity of DiBAC4(3), which was not observed in control cells. This rapid and dose-dependent depolarization of transmembrane potential might be due to the enhancement of membrane permeability and formation of ion fluxes through the disrupted cancer cell membranes.Temporin-1CEa Increases Cytosolic Calcium LevelTo clarify the possible involvement of calcium in the peptideinduced membrane potential depolarization, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was evaluat.Let of the plasma membrane will be exposed to outer surface. PS can be detected and observed via FITC-coupled Annexin-V which specifically binds to PS molecule when exposed at the cell surface. PI, a membrane impermeant dye, only enters membrane compromised cells, after which the fluorescence of this probe is enhanced by 20?0-fold because of its binding to nucleic acids. In the present study, MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cancer cells were incubated with temporin-1CEa for one hour. After treatment with peptides, the cells were stained with FITCAnnexin V and PI. The cell-surface phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and plasma membrane integrity was analyzed using FACSCanto flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Cells were sorted as: viable cells (FITC-annexin V negative and PI negative, QDistributions of Temporin-1CEa in MDA-MB-231 CellsSince temporin-1CEa disrupted cell membranes, we further determined whether temporin-1CEa itself has the potential to transfuse or influx into MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells to trigger intracellular events. The peptides were labeled with FITC and co-cultured with MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cells for one hour. Myelin and other lipophilic areas on cell membrane were stained with the red-orange fluorescent tracker DiI. The dynamic changes of distributions of the FITC-labeled-temporin1CEa were traced using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The results indicated that the extracellular peptides transferred through the cell membrane into the intracellular space, characterized by an increase of intracellular green fluorescence (Fig. 5). In detail, at lower concentration (20 mM), the fluorescence imaging indicated that most of the peptides were prevented from cell membranes as shown by the less inMechanisms of Temporin-1CEa Induced CytotoxicityFigure 1. Temporin-1CEa-induced MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells death. The cells were treated with various concentrations of temporin1CEa for one hour. Cell viability or cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT method (A) or LDH leakage assay (B). Each bar represents the mean value from three determinations with the standard deviation (SD). Data (mean 6 SD) with asterisk significantly differ (*p,0.05; **p,0.01) between treatments. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060462.gtracellular green fluorescence. However, at higher concentrations (40?0 mM in MDA-MB-231 and 30?0 mM in MCF-7 cells), temporin-1CEa disrupted the membrane integrity and caused rapid peptides influx into cells (as shown by increased intracellular green fluorescence 15755315 from FITC, even after a 5 or 10 min short-term peptide treatment, Fig.5).Transmembrane Potential Depolarization Induced by Temporin-1CEaMDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were incubated with DiBAC4(3), one anionic and membrane-potential-sensitive dye. Depolarization of cell membranes leads to an uptake of DiBAC4(3) inside the cells, resulting in an increased fluorescentsignal. As seen in Fig. 6, one hour exposure of temporin-1CEa to MDA-MB-231 (Fig. 6A) or MCF-7 (Fig. 6B) cells led to an immediate and dramatic increase in the fluorescence intensity of DiBAC4(3), which was not observed in control cells. This rapid and dose-dependent depolarization of transmembrane potential might be due to the enhancement of membrane permeability and formation of ion fluxes through the disrupted cancer cell membranes.Temporin-1CEa Increases Cytosolic Calcium LevelTo clarify the possible involvement of calcium in the peptideinduced membrane potential depolarization, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was evaluat.