Harvested with TrypLE SELECT and seeded at 60?0 confluency on a flask coated with 16104/cm2 irradiated MEFs. The next day, cells were harvested and seeded at 3000 cells/well of a 96 well, non-treated U-bottom plate (Nalge Nunc International) in APEL media with growth factors, BMP4 (20 ng/ml, R D Systems), Activin A (20 ng/ml), VEGF (40 ng/ ml), SCF (30 ng/ml) and Wnt3a (100 ng/ml, all from PeproTech) and set up as spin embryoid bodies [34]. Relative MIXL1 expression was measured on day 3 based on GFP fluorescence using flow cytometry on an Accuri C6 cytometer.Primer TFAM Fwd-115 TFAM Rev-317 POLG Fwd-1490 POLG Rev-SequenceProduct size (base pairs)CCG AGG TGG TTT TCA TCT GT 203 TCC GCC CTA TAA GCA TCT TG CCC ATG AGG TTT TCC AGC AGG TAA CGC TCC CAG TTCdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052214.tTracking Mitochondria during hESC DifferentiationTracking Mitochondria during hESC DifferentiationFigure 1. Mitochondrial biogenesis agents GLPG0634 chemical information enhance MIXL1 expression in differentiating hESC. (a) SNAP can induce MIXL1 expression in StemProH 2D cultures independent of BMP4 addition (p,0.05, n = 4). (b)The pluripotency marker TG30 is down regulated in cells positive for mesendoderm marker MIXL1 at day3 post 250 mM SNAP treatment. (c) Differentiation to early mesoderm (day 3) is enhanced in 3D cultures by addition of mitochondrial biogenesis agents. Scale bars are 200 mM. (d) 250 mM SNAP can partially rescue MIXL1 expression on removal of Activin A or BMP4. Control samples were treated according to ([44], black bars) or cultured without BMP 4 (red bars) or without Activin A (blue bars). (e) Mitochondrially associated gene expression is highly variable after SNAP and AICAR treatment. S, SNAP; A, AICAR; M, metformin; POLG, polymerase gamma; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; numbers represent mM concentrations of reagents used; D, DMSO without biogenesis agents was added as controls in equal volumes to treated samples. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052214.gMitochondrial BiogenesisTo test the effect of mitochondria biogenesis agents, SNAP (Snitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine), AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-b-D-ribofuranoside) and Metformin were added to MIXL1 embryoid bodies or 2D feeder free cultures (GeltrexTM surface coating and StemProH media) at 0?00 mM and cultured for 3 days. Prior to RNA extraction, hESC were harvested with TrypLE SELECT and seeded at 100,000 cells per well of a 24 well plate coated with GeltrexTM in StemProH media. The cells were grown for 2 days in the presence of SNAP, AICAR and Metformin from 0?00 mM before harvesting for RNA as below.HESC In Vitro DifferentiationTo assess the ability of KMEL2 to differentiate, KSR media was exchanged for DMEM without bFGF and supplemented with 10 foetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were also treated with Retinoic acid (10 mg/mL, Sigma Aldrich), BMP4 (40 ng/mL, R D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or Activin A (40 ng/mL, PeproTech) for up to 10 days to promote germ layer specific differentiation. For neural specific differentiation, KMEL2 cells were grown feeder free on GeltrexTM to 60 GNE-7915 site confluence. Media was changed to KSR supplemented with 100 ng/mL bFGF, 5 mM dorsomorphin, 10uM SB431542 and grown for 6 days with media changed every other day. Cell clumps were treated with collagenase IV to form embryoid bodies and transferred to suspension culture in KSR with bFGF, SB431542 and dorsomorphin for a further 3 days. Embryoid bodies where then grown for up to 30 days prior to plating on mouse lamin.Harvested with TrypLE SELECT and seeded at 60?0 confluency on a flask coated with 16104/cm2 irradiated MEFs. The next day, cells were harvested and seeded at 3000 cells/well of a 96 well, non-treated U-bottom plate (Nalge Nunc International) in APEL media with growth factors, BMP4 (20 ng/ml, R D Systems), Activin A (20 ng/ml), VEGF (40 ng/ ml), SCF (30 ng/ml) and Wnt3a (100 ng/ml, all from PeproTech) and set up as spin embryoid bodies [34]. Relative MIXL1 expression was measured on day 3 based on GFP fluorescence using flow cytometry on an Accuri C6 cytometer.Primer TFAM Fwd-115 TFAM Rev-317 POLG Fwd-1490 POLG Rev-SequenceProduct size (base pairs)CCG AGG TGG TTT TCA TCT GT 203 TCC GCC CTA TAA GCA TCT TG CCC ATG AGG TTT TCC AGC AGG TAA CGC TCC CAG TTCdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052214.tTracking Mitochondria during hESC DifferentiationTracking Mitochondria during hESC DifferentiationFigure 1. Mitochondrial biogenesis agents enhance MIXL1 expression in differentiating hESC. (a) SNAP can induce MIXL1 expression in StemProH 2D cultures independent of BMP4 addition (p,0.05, n = 4). (b)The pluripotency marker TG30 is down regulated in cells positive for mesendoderm marker MIXL1 at day3 post 250 mM SNAP treatment. (c) Differentiation to early mesoderm (day 3) is enhanced in 3D cultures by addition of mitochondrial biogenesis agents. Scale bars are 200 mM. (d) 250 mM SNAP can partially rescue MIXL1 expression on removal of Activin A or BMP4. Control samples were treated according to ([44], black bars) or cultured without BMP 4 (red bars) or without Activin A (blue bars). (e) Mitochondrially associated gene expression is highly variable after SNAP and AICAR treatment. S, SNAP; A, AICAR; M, metformin; POLG, polymerase gamma; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; numbers represent mM concentrations of reagents used; D, DMSO without biogenesis agents was added as controls in equal volumes to treated samples. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052214.gMitochondrial BiogenesisTo test the effect of mitochondria biogenesis agents, SNAP (Snitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine), AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-b-D-ribofuranoside) and Metformin were added to MIXL1 embryoid bodies or 2D feeder free cultures (GeltrexTM surface coating and StemProH media) at 0?00 mM and cultured for 3 days. Prior to RNA extraction, hESC were harvested with TrypLE SELECT and seeded at 100,000 cells per well of a 24 well plate coated with GeltrexTM in StemProH media. The cells were grown for 2 days in the presence of SNAP, AICAR and Metformin from 0?00 mM before harvesting for RNA as below.HESC In Vitro DifferentiationTo assess the ability of KMEL2 to differentiate, KSR media was exchanged for DMEM without bFGF and supplemented with 10 foetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were also treated with Retinoic acid (10 mg/mL, Sigma Aldrich), BMP4 (40 ng/mL, R D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or Activin A (40 ng/mL, PeproTech) for up to 10 days to promote germ layer specific differentiation. For neural specific differentiation, KMEL2 cells were grown feeder free on GeltrexTM to 60 confluence. Media was changed to KSR supplemented with 100 ng/mL bFGF, 5 mM dorsomorphin, 10uM SB431542 and grown for 6 days with media changed every other day. Cell clumps were treated with collagenase IV to form embryoid bodies and transferred to suspension culture in KSR with bFGF, SB431542 and dorsomorphin for a further 3 days. Embryoid bodies where then grown for up to 30 days prior to plating on mouse lamin.
