Es in mice fed a high fat diet. Serum levels of insulin (A), glucose (B), TG (C), NEFAS (D), and cholesterol (E) in male wild type and Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide Endoglin heterozygous mice fed a high fat diet for 16 weeks. n = 6?. **p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054591.gpreeclampsia or cancer. Endoglin deficiency causes a decrease in NO synthesis and the subsequent endothelial dysfunction [2], a process usually associated with altered glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome [24,25]. However, to our knowledge, the potential role of Eng mediating energy homeostasis has been unexplored. Our current findings demonstrate that the heterozygous deficiency of Eng does not cause any important alteration in metabolic parameters affecting body weight regulation. Energy expenditure, locomotor activity, respiratory quotient or feeding behaviour were similar in WT and Eng+/2 mice. Importantly, the lack of metabolic phenotype was observed when mice were fed a standard diet or HFD, indicating that endogenous Eng does not seem to be an important player in these metabolic alterations even though mice were challenged to undergo a pathophysiological condition. Plasma soluble Eng levels have been reported to be positively correlated with basal glycemia in patients with diabetes and hypertension, and with glycated haemoglobin in all patients with diabetes [23]. Therefore, we also investigated the potential relevance of endogenous Eng in glucose metabolism. Our findings indicate that Eng+/2 mice fed a standard diet did not show relevant changes in insulin sensitivity in comparison to their control littermates. When mice were challenged with HFD, which increases the risk of obesity and insulin resistance, we observed that insulin levels were significantly decreased when compared to WT mice fed under the same diet. However, insulin sensitivity wassimilar between Eng+/2 and WT mice (Figure 4). Overall, MedChemExpress CP21 previous data obtained in humans [23] and our current findings in rodents indicate that Eng seem to play an important role in the control of insulin levels, and heterozygous deficiency of Eng decreases HFDinduced hyperinsulinemia. It is important to highlight that this decrease in insulin levels is independent of changes in body weight or adiposity, suggesting that Eng might play a direct role on insulin synthesis and/or secretion. The PI3K/Akt pathway is one of the major downstream targets of the insulin pathway and is negatively regulated by phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) [34]. The activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibits the release of soluble Eng from endothelial cells [35]. Conversely, the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, by overexpression of PTEN stimulates soluble Eng release from endothelial cells [35]. Given the link between Eng and these signaling proteins, we investigated the possibility that PTEN or Akt levels were altered in Eng+/2 mice. We detected a significant decrease of pAkt levels in the liver of Eng+/2 mice versus WT mice fed a HFD, but not in muscle or WAT. The inverse correlation between endoglin expression and activation of the survival route of Akt in the liver fits well with the anti-apoptotic effect and the active role in endothelial cell proliferation of endoglin [2,9]. Furthermore, PTEN protein levels also remained unmodified between both genotypes. Taken together, these findings suggest that PTEN and Akt are differentially modulated by the partial lack of Eng, and that Akt is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Ce.Es in mice fed a high fat diet. Serum levels of insulin (A), glucose (B), TG (C), NEFAS (D), and cholesterol (E) in male wild type and endoglin heterozygous mice fed a high fat diet for 16 weeks. n = 6?. **p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054591.gpreeclampsia or cancer. Endoglin deficiency causes a decrease in NO synthesis and the subsequent endothelial dysfunction [2], a process usually associated with altered glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome [24,25]. However, to our knowledge, the potential role of Eng mediating energy homeostasis has been unexplored. Our current findings demonstrate that the heterozygous deficiency of Eng does not cause any important alteration in metabolic parameters affecting body weight regulation. Energy expenditure, locomotor activity, respiratory quotient or feeding behaviour were similar in WT and Eng+/2 mice. Importantly, the lack of metabolic phenotype was observed when mice were fed a standard diet or HFD, indicating that endogenous Eng does not seem to be an important player in these metabolic alterations even though mice were challenged to undergo a pathophysiological condition. Plasma soluble Eng levels have been reported to be positively correlated with basal glycemia in patients with diabetes and hypertension, and with glycated haemoglobin in all patients with diabetes [23]. Therefore, we also investigated the potential relevance of endogenous Eng in glucose metabolism. Our findings indicate that Eng+/2 mice fed a standard diet did not show relevant changes in insulin sensitivity in comparison to their control littermates. When mice were challenged with HFD, which increases the risk of obesity and insulin resistance, we observed that insulin levels were significantly decreased when compared to WT mice fed under the same diet. However, insulin sensitivity wassimilar between Eng+/2 and WT mice (Figure 4). Overall, previous data obtained in humans [23] and our current findings in rodents indicate that Eng seem to play an important role in the control of insulin levels, and heterozygous deficiency of Eng decreases HFDinduced hyperinsulinemia. It is important to highlight that this decrease in insulin levels is independent of changes in body weight or adiposity, suggesting that Eng might play a direct role on insulin synthesis and/or secretion. The PI3K/Akt pathway is one of the major downstream targets of the insulin pathway and is negatively regulated by phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) [34]. The activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibits the release of soluble Eng from endothelial cells [35]. Conversely, the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, by overexpression of PTEN stimulates soluble Eng release from endothelial cells [35]. Given the link between Eng and these signaling proteins, we investigated the possibility that PTEN or Akt levels were altered in Eng+/2 mice. We detected a significant decrease of pAkt levels in the liver of Eng+/2 mice versus WT mice fed a HFD, but not in muscle or WAT. The inverse correlation between endoglin expression and activation of the survival route of Akt in the liver fits well with the anti-apoptotic effect and the active role in endothelial cell proliferation of endoglin [2,9]. Furthermore, PTEN protein levels also remained unmodified between both genotypes. Taken together, these findings suggest that PTEN and Akt are differentially modulated by the partial lack of Eng, and that Akt is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Ce.
