D no increase in frequency of HUS or worsening of EHEC related symptoms. Treatment with Azithromycin was correlated with a shorter time of EHEC colonisation [15]. In vitro data indicate different effects on Shiga-toxin production depending on the antibiotic agent used: Ciprofloxacin induces Shiga-toxin production while Meropenem, Azithromycin, Tigecyline, and Rifaximin do not influence Shigatoxin production [39]. Because of the limited number of patients, statistical analysis of the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures as plasma-separation, treatment with Eculizumab, and antibiotic treatment withFigure 5. 1531364 Development of serum creatinine, LDH, and thrombocytes in 36 patient suffering from HUS. [range, 25th?5th percentiles, median, reference levels]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.MedChemExpress AN 3199 0055278.gEHEC O104 Infection in Hospitalized PatientsFigure 6. Complications in 61 patients with EHEC O104 infection. cum: cumulative; other neurological symptoms include: cortical blindness (n = 3) and choreatic syndrome (n = 1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055278.gRifaximin are not appropriate. Further analyses of larger numbers of patients will soon be available to clarify these questions. A surprising finding in our cohort was the unexpectedly high number of coincident infections of EHEC with Clostridium difficile and Noro viruses. Overall we found no correlation between coincident infections, the clinical course and EHEC related complications. It has to be noted that the patient that underwent colonic resection due to toxic megacolon was positive for Clostridium difficile and abdominal CT revealed gas inclusions in the colonic wall. One case of a toxic megacolon related to a single infection with EHEC 0157 has been described earlier [40]. Patients with coincident Noro virus infections seldom suffered from vomiting. Interestingly, earlier reports describe the detection of Clostridium difficile, Rota- and Norovirus in patients suffering from EHEC enterocolitis [41?4]. The high prevalence of co-infections in our cohort may simply reflect the high number of tests for different pathogens we repeatedly performed in this prospective study. Further investigations on this topic are needed to understand the relevance of this finding for the course of EHEC O104:H4 infection. We support the recent recommendation to rename the clinical syndrome of EHEC O104:H4 infection as “EAHEC disease” [3] because of its specific clinical course differing markedly from other EHEC infections.ConclusionIn contrast to earlier reports on EHEC infections, the recent EHEC O104:H4 outbreak affected mainly young adult females and resulted in a higher number of HUS and neurological complications. EHEC related enterocolitis was associated with an unduly high incidence of enteric co-infections. The diversity ofEHEC O104 Infection in Hospitalized PatientsFigure 7. Patient with EHEC O104, Noro-virus, and Clostridium difficile co-infection. CT scan showing massive Lecirelin custom synthesis swelling of the intestinal wall, extreme dilation of the right colon with intramural air (a and b). Intraoperative situs with extreme wall thickening of the ascending colon and incipient perforation of the cecum (c). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055278.gTable 3. The “Altona EAHEC Monitoring Standard.”Diagnostics At hospital admission Stool culture including other pathogenic E. coli, Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Noro2/ Adeno-viruses Abdominal and pleural ultrasound ECG Blood chemistry*, including: troponine, albumin Stool.D no increase in frequency of HUS or worsening of EHEC related symptoms. Treatment with Azithromycin was correlated with a shorter time of EHEC colonisation [15]. In vitro data indicate different effects on Shiga-toxin production depending on the antibiotic agent used: Ciprofloxacin induces Shiga-toxin production while Meropenem, Azithromycin, Tigecyline, and Rifaximin do not influence Shigatoxin production [39]. Because of the limited number of patients, statistical analysis of the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures as plasma-separation, treatment with Eculizumab, and antibiotic treatment withFigure 5. 1531364 Development of serum creatinine, LDH, and thrombocytes in 36 patient suffering from HUS. [range, 25th?5th percentiles, median, reference levels]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055278.gEHEC O104 Infection in Hospitalized PatientsFigure 6. Complications in 61 patients with EHEC O104 infection. cum: cumulative; other neurological symptoms include: cortical blindness (n = 3) and choreatic syndrome (n = 1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055278.gRifaximin are not appropriate. Further analyses of larger numbers of patients will soon be available to clarify these questions. A surprising finding in our cohort was the unexpectedly high number of coincident infections of EHEC with Clostridium difficile and Noro viruses. Overall we found no correlation between coincident infections, the clinical course and EHEC related complications. It has to be noted that the patient that underwent colonic resection due to toxic megacolon was positive for Clostridium difficile and abdominal CT revealed gas inclusions in the colonic wall. One case of a toxic megacolon related to a single infection with EHEC 0157 has been described earlier [40]. Patients with coincident Noro virus infections seldom suffered from vomiting. Interestingly, earlier reports describe the detection of Clostridium difficile, Rota- and Norovirus in patients suffering from EHEC enterocolitis [41?4]. The high prevalence of co-infections in our cohort may simply reflect the high number of tests for different pathogens we repeatedly performed in this prospective study. Further investigations on this topic are needed to understand the relevance of this finding for the course of EHEC O104:H4 infection. We support the recent recommendation to rename the clinical syndrome of EHEC O104:H4 infection as “EAHEC disease” [3] because of its specific clinical course differing markedly from other EHEC infections.ConclusionIn contrast to earlier reports on EHEC infections, the recent EHEC O104:H4 outbreak affected mainly young adult females and resulted in a higher number of HUS and neurological complications. EHEC related enterocolitis was associated with an unduly high incidence of enteric co-infections. The diversity ofEHEC O104 Infection in Hospitalized PatientsFigure 7. Patient with EHEC O104, Noro-virus, and Clostridium difficile co-infection. CT scan showing massive swelling of the intestinal wall, extreme dilation of the right colon with intramural air (a and b). Intraoperative situs with extreme wall thickening of the ascending colon and incipient perforation of the cecum (c). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055278.gTable 3. The “Altona EAHEC Monitoring Standard.”Diagnostics At hospital admission Stool culture including other pathogenic E. coli, Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Noro2/ Adeno-viruses Abdominal and pleural ultrasound ECG Blood chemistry*, including: troponine, albumin Stool.
