Tal image 1 shows a representative small animal PET/CT MIP image of a mouse bearing s.c.5TGM1 tumor at 2 h and 24 h respectively. The in vivo targeting specificity was demonstrated by blocking with excess LLP2A (,200 fold), which led to reduced uptake in the 5TGM1 MM tumors. As shown in Figure 6, there was a 3-fold (P,0.05) reduction in cumulative tumor SUVs in the presence of the blocking agent (6.261.1 vs. 2.360.4). A representative MIP image of the reduced tumor uptake is shown in Figure 6 inset. Together, these data demonstrate that 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A can be used to image murine MM tumors in a variety of anatomic sites. All the images are scaled the same, demonstrating that although there is uptake in the spleen of a non-tumor bearing mouse (SUV: 2.2), the uptake is 23977191 higher in the spleens of tumor bearing mice (SUV: 3.3). We are currently investigating the imaging of myeloma induced spleen pathology (splenomegaly) in orthotopic (i.v.) 5TGM1 mouse models of MM.PET iImaging of Multiple MyelomaFigure 3. Tissue biodistribution of 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A in 5TGM1 s.c. tumor mice. Biodistribution of 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A in 5TGM1 s.c. tumor mice (black bars). The open bars represent biodistribution in the presence of non-radioactive blocking agent (, 200 fold excess LLP2A). Mice were injected with 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A (0.01 mg, 0.2 MBq, SA: 37 MBq/mg) and sacrificed at 2 h post injection. N = 4 mice/group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055841.gFigure 4. Representative maximum intensity projection (MIP) small animal PET/CT images. A. non-tumor KaLwRij control mouse. B. a small sized, non-palpable, early stage subcutaneous (s.c.) 5TGM1 murine tumor in the nape of the neck inoculated without the use of matrigel (tumor SUV 2.24). White arrows point to suspected tumor cells and associated tumor supporting cells in the BM of the long bones and spine. C. matrigel assisted s.c. 5TGM1 tumor in the nape of the neck (tumor SUV 6.2). D. mouse injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 5TGM1 murine myeloma cells. All the mice were injected with 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A (0.9 MBq, 0.05 mg, 27 pmol) and were imaged by small animal PET/CT at 2 h post-injection. *All tumor bearing animals were SPEP (Serum Protein Electrophoresis) positive. T = Tumor; S = Spleen. N = 4/group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055841.gPET iImaging of Multiple MyelomaFigure 5. Graph representing tumor to muscle and blood respectively at early and late time-points. The Tumor/Muscle and Tumor/Blood ratios at 2 h and 24 h respectively calculated from the MIP images (SUVs). The ratios were higher at 24 h indicating improved contrast after clearance of the radioactive probe from the background tissues over time. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055841.gConfirmation of 5TGM1 Tumor 
Burden by Histological and Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) AnalysisA representative hematoxylin and eosin (H E) slide of a 5TGM1 s.c. tumor tissue from those imaged in Figure 4 is shown in Figure 7A. The tumor cells show irregularly shaped 115103-85-0 nuclei and MedChemExpress Indolactam V increased mitosis consistent with myeloma pathogenic features. The SPEP test is used clinically to measure clonal c-globulin (M protein) in the blood to quantify disease burden in MM. SPEP analysis was performed on all tumor-bearing mice. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the SPEP gels indicated increased Mprotein (gamma protein band) in tumor bearing mice as compared to non-tumor control mice.Figure 6. Graph representing in vivo blocking of 64Cu-CBTE1A1P-LLP2A. Averaged tumor.Tal image 1 shows a representative small animal PET/CT MIP image of a mouse bearing s.c.5TGM1 tumor at 2 h and 24 h respectively. The in vivo targeting specificity was demonstrated by blocking with excess LLP2A (,200 fold), which led to reduced uptake in the 5TGM1 MM tumors. As shown in Figure 6, there was a 3-fold (P,0.05) reduction in cumulative tumor SUVs in the presence of the blocking agent (6.261.1 vs. 2.360.4). A representative MIP image of the reduced tumor uptake is shown in Figure 6 inset. Together, these data demonstrate that 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A can be used to image murine MM tumors in a variety of anatomic sites. All the images are scaled the same, demonstrating that although there is uptake in the spleen of a non-tumor bearing mouse (SUV: 2.2), the uptake is 23977191 higher in the spleens of tumor bearing mice (SUV: 3.3). We are currently investigating the imaging of myeloma induced spleen pathology (splenomegaly) in orthotopic (i.v.) 5TGM1 mouse models of MM.PET iImaging of Multiple MyelomaFigure 3. Tissue biodistribution of 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A in 5TGM1 s.c. tumor mice. Biodistribution of 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A in 5TGM1 s.c. tumor mice (black bars). The open bars represent biodistribution in the presence of non-radioactive blocking agent (, 200 fold excess LLP2A). Mice were injected with 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A (0.01 mg, 0.2 MBq, SA: 37 MBq/mg) and sacrificed at 2 h post injection. N = 4 mice/group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055841.gFigure 4. Representative maximum intensity projection (MIP) small animal PET/CT images. A. non-tumor KaLwRij control mouse. B. a small sized, non-palpable, early stage subcutaneous (s.c.) 5TGM1 murine tumor in the nape of 
the neck inoculated without the use of matrigel (tumor SUV 2.24). White arrows point to suspected tumor cells and associated tumor supporting cells in the BM of the long bones and spine. C. matrigel assisted s.c. 5TGM1 tumor in the nape of the neck (tumor SUV 6.2). D. mouse injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 5TGM1 murine myeloma cells. All the mice were injected with 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A (0.9 MBq, 0.05 mg, 27 pmol) and were imaged by small animal PET/CT at 2 h post-injection. *All tumor bearing animals were SPEP (Serum Protein Electrophoresis) positive. T = Tumor; S = Spleen. N = 4/group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055841.gPET iImaging of Multiple MyelomaFigure 5. Graph representing tumor to muscle and blood respectively at early and late time-points. The Tumor/Muscle and Tumor/Blood ratios at 2 h and 24 h respectively calculated from the MIP images (SUVs). The ratios were higher at 24 h indicating improved contrast after clearance of the radioactive probe from the background tissues over time. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055841.gConfirmation of 5TGM1 Tumor Burden by Histological and Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) AnalysisA representative hematoxylin and eosin (H E) slide of a 5TGM1 s.c. tumor tissue from those imaged in Figure 4 is shown in Figure 7A. The tumor cells show irregularly shaped nuclei and increased mitosis consistent with myeloma pathogenic features. The SPEP test is used clinically to measure clonal c-globulin (M protein) in the blood to quantify disease burden in MM. SPEP analysis was performed on all tumor-bearing mice. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the SPEP gels indicated increased Mprotein (gamma protein band) in tumor bearing mice as compared to non-tumor control mice.Figure 6. Graph representing in vivo blocking of 64Cu-CBTE1A1P-LLP2A. Averaged tumor.
