Duce the rate of investment. By exploring the neurobiological roots of trust and specifically showing that plasma OT may be a potential biomarker for human trust, we suggest the notion that a new window of investigation has opened regarding individual, cross cultural and cross group differences in trust related behavior.Supporting InformationFigure S1 Distribution of trust behaviors and plasma oxytocin. (A) Distribution of the amount sent by the first player; (B) Distribution of the average amount returned by the second player; (C) Distribution of level of oxytocin; (D) Distribution of log level of 22948146 oxytocin without outliers. (PDF) Figure S2 Gender Difference. (A) Level of trust of male and female; (B) Level of trustworthiness of male and female; (C) Level of OT of male and 
female. (PDF)AcknowledgmentsWe acknowledged Anne Chong, Yushi Jiang, Yunfeng Lu, Rong Tang, Xing Zhang for assistance in conducting the experiment.Plasma Oxytocin and TrustAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: SZ MM PSL SHC RPE. Performed the experiments: SZ MM TT HPM. Analyzed the data: SZMM TT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MM TT HPM. Wrote the paper: SZ SHC RPE.
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical technique widely used for limb lengthening and bone regeneration for a variety of problems such as trauma, infection or malignancies [1]. Although very successful, one of the major limitations of this technique is the prolonged consolidation phase, during which the patient must wear an 1662274 internal or external device to maintain the correction until the bone has united [2]. This prolonged process often leads to numerous social, medical and financial complications for the patient and health care system. In order to minimize these complications, a great deal of effort is employed in the bone research field to accelerate the healing process and to stimulate bone formation [3,4,5,6]. Various factors have been investigated including the application of growth 
factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [7,8]. Among these, BMPs can potentiate powerful osteogenic HIF-2��-IN-1 site effects through their actions on the BMP signaling cascade. Canonical BMP signaling DprE1-IN-2 involves the binding of extracellular soluble BMP ligands (e.g. BMP-2, 4, 5, 6 7, 8) to BMP receptors located on the cell membrane (e.g. BMPR-I and I), which then activate intracellular Smads (e.g. Smad 1, 5, 8) to translocate to the nucleusand activate the transcription of downstream genes [9]. To counterbalance BMP signaling, a number of soluble antagonists such as BMP3, Noggin, Gremlin and Chordin also act on the BMP receptors at the extracellular milieu. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies in both animals and humans have shown that recombinant BMPs, specifically BMP2 and BMP7 [4,10,11], have osteogenic effects in several conditions associated with poor bone formation. Our group has previously characterized the expression of various members of the BMP pathway (ligands, receptors, downstream target genes and antagonists) in murine and rabbit models of DO, demonstrating their important role in the bone lengthening process [8,12,13,14]. We have also shown that endogenous levels of BMP7 are highly upregulated during DO, peaking during mid-distraction when bone repair and regeneration are most necessitated; and that local administration of exogenous BMP7 increased bone format.Duce the rate of investment. By exploring the neurobiological roots of trust and specifically showing that plasma OT may be a potential biomarker for human trust, we suggest the notion that a new window of investigation has opened regarding individual, cross cultural and cross group differences in trust related behavior.Supporting InformationFigure S1 Distribution of trust behaviors and plasma oxytocin. (A) Distribution of the amount sent by the first player; (B) Distribution of the average amount returned by the second player; (C) Distribution of level of oxytocin; (D) Distribution of log level of 22948146 oxytocin without outliers. (PDF) Figure S2 Gender Difference. (A) Level of trust of male and female; (B) Level of trustworthiness of male and female; (C) Level of OT of male and female. (PDF)AcknowledgmentsWe acknowledged Anne Chong, Yushi Jiang, Yunfeng Lu, Rong Tang, Xing Zhang for assistance in conducting the experiment.Plasma Oxytocin and TrustAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: SZ MM PSL SHC RPE. Performed the experiments: SZ MM TT HPM. Analyzed the data: SZMM TT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MM TT HPM. Wrote the paper: SZ SHC RPE.
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical technique widely used for limb lengthening and bone regeneration for a variety of problems such as trauma, infection or malignancies [1]. Although very successful, one of the major limitations of this technique is the prolonged consolidation phase, during which the patient must wear an 1662274 internal or external device to maintain the correction until the bone has united [2]. This prolonged process often leads to numerous social, medical and financial complications for the patient and health care system. In order to minimize these complications, a great deal of effort is employed in the bone research field to accelerate the healing process and to stimulate bone formation [3,4,5,6]. Various factors have been investigated including the application of growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [7,8]. Among these, BMPs can potentiate powerful osteogenic effects through their actions on the BMP signaling cascade. Canonical BMP signaling involves the binding of extracellular soluble BMP ligands (e.g. BMP-2, 4, 5, 6 7, 8) to BMP receptors located on the cell membrane (e.g. BMPR-I and I), which then activate intracellular Smads (e.g. Smad 1, 5, 8) to translocate to the nucleusand activate the transcription of downstream genes [9]. To counterbalance BMP signaling, a number of soluble antagonists such as BMP3, Noggin, Gremlin and Chordin also act on the BMP receptors at the extracellular milieu. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies in both animals and humans have shown that recombinant BMPs, specifically BMP2 and BMP7 [4,10,11], have osteogenic effects in several conditions associated with poor bone formation. Our group has previously characterized the expression of various members of the BMP pathway (ligands, receptors, downstream target genes and antagonists) in murine and rabbit models of DO, demonstrating their important role in the bone lengthening process [8,12,13,14]. We have also shown that endogenous levels of BMP7 are highly upregulated during DO, peaking during mid-distraction when bone repair and regeneration are most necessitated; and that local administration of exogenous BMP7 increased bone format.
