S with PBMCs could promote the expression of 
Smad2 and Smad3. This suggests that a Smaddependent mechanism might be existed in gastric tumor microenvironment. Moreover, exogenous TGF-b1 could reduce the viability of PBMCs, but had little influence on the growth and death of cancer cells. It might be due that cancer cell itself can increase some molecules to antagonize TGF-b1 growth-inhibitory response. As previous study reported, malignant cells can interfere TGF-b1 growth-inhibitory function and enhance cell migration through regulation of Smad2 and Smad3 activation [45?7]. However, TGF-b1 may arrest the growth of PBMCs and multiply immune cells by inhibiting cytokine production [2,48]. The current study suggests that increased TGF-b1 levels in the cell supernatant of coculture systems acted mostly through inhibiting the effect of PBMCs but not of cancer cells. There are a few limitations in this primary study: increasing the number of samples can helpful to indentify TGF-b1 roles in clinical assessment; further to investigate TGF-b1 gene’s function by interfering TGF-b1 expression in GC cells as well as in vivo assay will help to better explain its precise mechanism in tumor carcinogenesis. However, it could be considered in the current study that lymphocytes initially aggregate in the local microenvironment and subsequently interact directly with tumor cells, triggering GC cells to secrete more TGF-b1, which in turn inhibits the function of PBMCs and promotes tumor development.Supporting InformationTable S1 Primers used for real-time PCR.(DOCX)AcknowledgmentsWe thank Dr. Yi-Hong Sun, Wei-Xin Niu and 
Guo-Hao Wu from Dept. of general surgery for enrolling patients; Ling-Yan Wang and Jian-Jun Jin from Biomedical research center for technical support; Dr. Yuan Ji from Dept. of pathology for the assistance of pathological evaluation.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: GFM SYC. Performed the experiments: QM YML. Analyzed the data: JJL HG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XQZ TCL LLM. Wrote the paper: GFM HG.TGF-b Roles in Tumor-Cell Interaction with PBMCs
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in Europe and North America. Almost 1.4 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide in 2008 and approximately 459,000 deaths were recorded [1,2]. More than 2.5 million breast cancer survivors live in United States currently, and the number is expected to grow to 3.4 million 1662274 by 2015 [3]. The National Cancer 223488-57-1 web Institute (NCI) has recognized that prevention is a critical component in minimizing the number of individuals afflicted with cancer [4]. Recent reports suggest that approximately one-third of the most common cancers in western countries can be prevented by eating a healthy, plant-based diet; being physically active; and maintaining a healthy weight [5]. Epidemiologic studies and systematic analysis suggest diets rich in fruits and vegetables are 374913-63-0 custom synthesis associated with a reduced risk of cancer,in particular cancers of epithelial origin such as those of the mouth, colon, rectum [6], lung [7], and breast [8,9]. As consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of human cancers especially breast cancer [10,11], dietary flavonoids, a group of more than 5 000 different polyphenolic compounds, have been identified as potential cancer-preventive components of fruits and vegetables [12,13]. Dietary flavonoids occur ubiquitously in plant foods, and can be categ.S with PBMCs could promote the expression of Smad2 and Smad3. This suggests that a Smaddependent mechanism might be existed in gastric tumor microenvironment. Moreover, exogenous TGF-b1 could reduce the viability of PBMCs, but had little influence on the growth and death of cancer cells. It might be due that cancer cell itself can increase some molecules to antagonize TGF-b1 growth-inhibitory response. As previous study reported, malignant cells can interfere TGF-b1 growth-inhibitory function and enhance cell migration through regulation of Smad2 and Smad3 activation [45?7]. However, TGF-b1 may arrest the growth of PBMCs and multiply immune cells by inhibiting cytokine production [2,48]. The current study suggests that increased TGF-b1 levels in the cell supernatant of coculture systems acted mostly through inhibiting the effect of PBMCs but not of cancer cells. There are a few limitations in this primary study: increasing the number of samples can helpful to indentify TGF-b1 roles in clinical assessment; further to investigate TGF-b1 gene’s function by interfering TGF-b1 expression in GC cells as well as in vivo assay will help to better explain its precise mechanism in tumor carcinogenesis. However, it could be considered in the current study that lymphocytes initially aggregate in the local microenvironment and subsequently interact directly with tumor cells, triggering GC cells to secrete more TGF-b1, which in turn inhibits the function of PBMCs and promotes tumor development.Supporting InformationTable S1 Primers used for real-time PCR.(DOCX)AcknowledgmentsWe thank Dr. Yi-Hong Sun, Wei-Xin Niu and Guo-Hao Wu from Dept. of general surgery for enrolling patients; Ling-Yan Wang and Jian-Jun Jin from Biomedical research center for technical support; Dr. Yuan Ji from Dept. of pathology for the assistance of pathological evaluation.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: GFM SYC. Performed the experiments: QM YML. Analyzed the data: JJL HG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XQZ TCL LLM. Wrote the paper: GFM HG.TGF-b Roles in Tumor-Cell Interaction with PBMCs
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in Europe and North America. Almost 1.4 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide in 2008 and approximately 459,000 deaths were recorded [1,2]. More than 2.5 million breast cancer survivors live in United States currently, and the number is expected to grow to 3.4 million 1662274 by 2015 [3]. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has recognized that prevention is a critical component in minimizing the number of individuals afflicted with cancer [4]. Recent reports suggest that approximately one-third of the most common cancers in western countries can be prevented by eating a healthy, plant-based diet; being physically active; and maintaining a healthy weight [5]. Epidemiologic studies and systematic analysis suggest diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of cancer,in particular cancers of epithelial origin such as those of the mouth, colon, rectum [6], lung [7], and breast [8,9]. As consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of human cancers especially breast cancer [10,11], dietary flavonoids, a group of more than 5 000 different polyphenolic compounds, have been identified as potential cancer-preventive components of fruits and vegetables [12,13]. Dietary flavonoids occur ubiquitously in plant foods, and can be categ.