Rosclerosis in these mice [41]. Our findings of reductions in immunoglobulins in anti-BAFFR antibody Epigenetic Reader Domain treated mice is consistent with mature B2 depletion and with reports of their reduction in BAFFR2/2 and BAFFR2/2 ApoE2/2 mice [12,42] because BAFF-BAFFR interaction is Autophagy required in isotype-switching and enhances antibody production [43,44]. However, we did not find any difference in MDA-oxLDL specific immunoglobulins in anti-BAFFR antibody treated mice. This may reflect disruption in the B cell zone within the spleen andthe reduction in mature B2 cells with consequent disruption of B cell development 22948146 into plasma cells that produce antigen-specific immunoglobulins after antigen exposure.ConclusionIn summary, we have shown that anti-BAFFR antibody treatment in hyperlipidemic ApoE2/2 mice not only prevented atherosclerosis development but also attenuated the progression of established atherosclerosis. Mature B cells and proinflammatory cytokines implicated in atherosclerosis pathogenesis were decreased together with the ameliorated atherosclerosis in the antiBAFFR antibody treated ApoE2/2 mice. As a B cell depletion therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis, anti-BAFFR monoclonal antibody seems therapeutically more specific than anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment as it only depletes atherogenic B2 cells while sparing atheroprotective B1a cells. It is tempting to speculate that combined with a lipid-lowering strategy, antiBAFFR antibody treatment has potential to even more effectively reduce progression of atherosclerosis and reduce the lethal complications of atherosclerosis-related myocardial infarction and stroke.Author ContributionsContributed equally to this work and share senior authorship: AB BHT. Conceived and designed the experiments: TK PT AB BHT. Performed the experiments: TK PC CT PK HH EL. Analyzed the data: TK PC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AGR. Wrote the paper: TK AGR PT AB BHT.
In type I diabetes, autoimmune reaction to b cells leads to destruction of insulin-producing cells, and in type II diabetes, cumulative cell damage evoked by various stresses induces b-cell dysfunction, eventually resulting in insufficient insulin supply and a reduction in b-cell mass [1,2]. Accurate assessment of b-cell mass is considered necessary for understanding both the pathogenesis and the prognosis of diabetes [3]. In human studies, various modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been shown to be useful means for quantification of native and transplanted b-cell mass [4]. In contrast to other modalities, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) additionally provides quantifiable data with high throughput and inherently low background; however, it is difficult to use current BLI technology for in situ quantification of human 15755315 b cells because the light emission quickly diminishes as it propagates through tissues [5]. In experimental animals, an increasing number of studies have proposed successful quantification of b-cell mass usingBLI of mice expressing b-cell-specific reporters [6?]. BLI has also been applied in animal studies on b-cell development, islet transplantation, and b-cell 
function [4,8?1]. b-cell mass flexibly adapts to insulin requirement as shown by the fact that adult b cells expand in response to states of increased demand for insulin such as obesity and pregnancy [12,13]. These dynamic changes in b-cell mass are.Rosclerosis in these mice [41]. Our findings of reductions in immunoglobulins in anti-BAFFR antibody treated mice is consistent with mature B2 depletion and with reports of their reduction in BAFFR2/2 and BAFFR2/2 ApoE2/2 mice [12,42] because BAFF-BAFFR interaction is required in 
isotype-switching and enhances antibody production [43,44]. However, we did not find any difference in MDA-oxLDL specific immunoglobulins in anti-BAFFR antibody treated mice. This may reflect disruption in the B cell zone within the spleen andthe reduction in mature B2 cells with consequent disruption of B cell development 22948146 into plasma cells that produce antigen-specific immunoglobulins after antigen exposure.ConclusionIn summary, we have shown that anti-BAFFR antibody treatment in hyperlipidemic ApoE2/2 mice not only prevented atherosclerosis development but also attenuated the progression of established atherosclerosis. Mature B cells and proinflammatory cytokines implicated in atherosclerosis pathogenesis were decreased together with the ameliorated atherosclerosis in the antiBAFFR antibody treated ApoE2/2 mice. As a B cell depletion therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis, anti-BAFFR monoclonal antibody seems therapeutically more specific than anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment as it only depletes atherogenic B2 cells while sparing atheroprotective B1a cells. It is tempting to speculate that combined with a lipid-lowering strategy, antiBAFFR antibody treatment has potential to even more effectively reduce progression of atherosclerosis and reduce the lethal complications of atherosclerosis-related myocardial infarction and stroke.Author ContributionsContributed equally to this work and share senior authorship: AB BHT. Conceived and designed the experiments: TK PT AB BHT. Performed the experiments: TK PC CT PK HH EL. Analyzed the data: TK PC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AGR. Wrote the paper: TK AGR PT AB BHT.
In type I diabetes, autoimmune reaction to b cells leads to destruction of insulin-producing cells, and in type II diabetes, cumulative cell damage evoked by various stresses induces b-cell dysfunction, eventually resulting in insufficient insulin supply and a reduction in b-cell mass [1,2]. Accurate assessment of b-cell mass is considered necessary for understanding both the pathogenesis and the prognosis of diabetes [3]. In human studies, various modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been shown to be useful means for quantification of native and transplanted b-cell mass [4]. In contrast to other modalities, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) additionally provides quantifiable data with high throughput and inherently low background; however, it is difficult to use current BLI technology for in situ quantification of human 15755315 b cells because the light emission quickly diminishes as it propagates through tissues [5]. In experimental animals, an increasing number of studies have proposed successful quantification of b-cell mass usingBLI of mice expressing b-cell-specific reporters [6?]. BLI has also been applied in animal studies on b-cell development, islet transplantation, and b-cell function [4,8?1]. b-cell mass flexibly adapts to insulin requirement as shown by the fact that adult b cells expand in response to states of increased demand for insulin such as obesity and pregnancy [12,13]. These dynamic changes in b-cell mass are.
